Osum Oil Sands Corp.'s Geosciences Manager, Dr. Jen Russel-Houston, explains the differences between clastic and carbonate sedimentary formations.

For our science project.

acids and carbonates

acids and carbonates

acids and carbonates

reaction between a carbonate and an acid

calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid

The James M. DuPont Meteorite Collection - carried the signature of a highly fractionated martian atmosphere [5]. The formation time of these carbonates would then be important in constraining how early (or late) in the geologic history of Mars this atmospheric fractionation occurred. Therefore, to obtain a formation age for carbonates in this meteorite, we have measured Rb and Sr concentrations and Sr isotopic ratios in bulk samples and mineral separates of ALH 84001. On a plot of 87Sr/86Sr vs. 87Rb/86Sr, the bulk samples as well as the pyroxene mineral separates fall on a best-fit line corresponding to an "age" of 3.84 +/- 0.05 Ga, which is considerably lower than what an earlier report implies [2]. The "age" recorded by the Rb-Sr system is similar to the Ar-Ar shock age [6], and therefore

The James M. DuPont Meteorite Collection - that found in the nakhlites suggests that they may have similar host phases. References: [1] Swindle T. D. et al. (1995) GCA, 59, 793-801. [2] Miura Y. N. et al. (1995) GCA, 59, 2105-2113. [3] Wadhwa M. and Crozaz G. (1995) LPS XXVI, 1451. [4] Eugster O. (1994) Meteoritics, 29, 464. Wadhwa M.* Lugmair G. W. The Formation Age of Carbonates in ALH84001 Among the SNC (martian) meteorites, ALH 84001 is particularly interesting because it has a significantly older crystallization age [1,2]. Moreover, it contains abundant carbonates believed to have formed from interaction with CO2-rich aqueous fluids in a near-surface environment on Mars [3,4]. The C isotopic composition of these carbonates suggests that their parent fluids

The James M. DuPont Meteorite Collection - the QUE 94201 has been little altered by fluids. However, there is a significant release of C between 450 degrees and 600 degrees C (17.4 ppm with delta13C ~ -24.2 per mil), the temperature associated with the decrepitation of carbonates. It is possible that this component is carbonate with an unusual C isotopic composition: Zagami also contains small quantities of isotopically light carbonates (~15 ppm with delta13C ~ -6 per mil [5]). The occurrence or otherwise of carbonates in QUE 94201 will be investigated by orthophosphoric acid dissolution of the meteorite. Alternatively, given the high whitlockite abundance of QUE 94201, the 450 degrees -600 degrees C component might result from the substitution of the CO(sub)32- anion within the phosphate

The James M. DuPont Meteorite Collection - with terrestrial CO2, then the isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen can provide important information about Martian H2O and CO2 and about weathering processes on Mars. We have used cosmogenic 14C as a label to identify the carbonate as a terrestrial or extraterrestrial alteration product. We will discuss the delta13C, delta18O and 14C compositions of CO2 released from acid-etching experiments of Allan Hills 84001, Nakhla and Zagami. Carbonates irradiated in space as small bodies will contain about 74 dpm/kg (3.2 x 108 atom 14C/g) [4]. This activity corresponds to a 14C/12C ratio (atom/atom) of 5.0 x 10-14 or 4.3% of the ratio found in modern (~1950AD) carbon [4]. Twentieth-century, terrestrial carbonates formed prior to atmospheric nuclear tests will have a 14C

The James M. DuPont Meteorite Collection - partially supported by Ito Sci. Foundation. References: [1] Mayeda T. K. et al. (1995) LPS XXVI, 917-918. [2] Yanai K. (1995) LPS XXVI, 1533-1534. [3] Harvey R. P. et al. (1993) GCA, 57, 4769-4783. [4] Treiman A. H. et al. (1994) Meteoritics, 29, 581-592. [5] Ikeda Y. (1994) Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarc. Meteorites, 7, 9-29. Fig. 1. Chemical compositions of pyroxenes, olivine, and maskelynite in Yamato 793605. Jull A. J. T.* Cloudt S. Eastoe C. J. The 14C and Stable Isotopic Composition of Carbonates in SNC Meteorites Some SNC meteorites [1] have been observed to contain minerals such as carbonates that result from aqueous alteration [2,3]. If we can show the carbonates are extraterrestrial and they have not subsequently exchanged

The James M. DuPont Meteorite Collection - together, delta17O and delta18O for the putative calcite (i.e., gas released during the 25 degrees C extraction) appear on a three-isotope plot as an extension of CRIL [2]. Thus, whatever process modified the O isotopic composition of the silica-rich clasts may also have been involved in the production of the carbonates both in CM2s and UOCs. Alternatively, the process may have affected only the O isotopic composition of the carbonates by exchange, which, if understood, could form the basis of a relative chronology. Interestingly, the C isotopic composition for Parnallee carbonates (deltal3C = -3.5 to -6.3 per mil) falls within the range reported by previous studies of carbonates in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites [12]. Other meteorites

The James M. DuPont Meteorite Collection - evident that the brackish water species poses a high degree of permeabihty in regard to the salts in solution in their habitat. In Hungary the high degree of permeability is confined to the carbonates, and only to a lesser degree to the chlorides, although the cells show only slight or nonpermeability to such plasmolytica as nitrates, sugar, urea, etc. The same species when found along the South African coast are mostly permeable to the chlorides, whereas when they occur in the South African sodium carbonate rich waters of the Jakkals River for instance, the same permeability to carbonates as in Hungary was observed. These observations forced me to the conclusion that owing to the high degree of permeability of the protoplasts, the brackish

Animation sequence showing a method for removing carbon dioxide from the seas and the atmosphere. An open source project, please tell your friends. http://www.cquestrate.com

Fight Carbon. Third short film filmed in Toronto, Canada.The team found and cleaned sites around the city (a non-operational subway platform) using this unorthodox artistic technique...

Fight Carbon. First short film filmed in Toronto, Canada.The team found and cleaned sites around the city (a rooftop parking lot) using this unorthodox artistic technique...

Fight Carbon. Second short film filmed in Toronto, Canada.The team found and cleaned sites around the city (a tunnel)using this unorthodox artistic technique...

All 5 Parts of - Mars Rising-The Search For Life
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=0215E3B99C9C24BA


PART SIX - Is there life on Mars? Scientists in North America are combing the most barren places on Earth to search out bacteria, amino acids or carbonates that might offer clues. What if Mars has its own independently created life forms which are deadly to humans? Researchers on the Arctic's frigid Devon Island, British Columbia's Pavilion Lake, Chile's Atacama Desert and caves in New Mexico offer compelling chronicles.

William Shatner narrates "Mars Rising"

All 5 Parts of -Mars Rising - The Search For Life
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=0215E3B99C9C24BA


PART SIX - Is there life on Mars? Scientists in North America are combing the most barren places on Earth to search out bacteria, amino acids or carbonates that might offer clues. What if Mars has its own independently created life forms which are deadly to humans? Researchers on the Arctic's frigid Devon Island, British Columbia's Pavilion Lake, Chile's Atacama Desert and caves in New Mexico offer compelling chronicles.

William Shatner narrates "Mars Rising"

(to the melody of “Dear Prudence” by The Beatles)

Dear Students
Solubility sucks
Dear Students
Wish you the best of luck

Always nitrates
And perchlorates
And acetates
And just chlorates
Dear Students
Solubility Sucks

Dear Students
Open up your eye-ds
Dear Students
Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides

Except when with
Silver, mercury, and lead
[random mumbling]
Get it in your head
Dear Students
Solubility sucks

REMIX!

(to the melody of “Love Song” by Sara Bareilles)

We gotta remind you
That hydroxides are not soluble
And neither are metal oxides except when with…

The alkali metals, ammonium
And calcium
And strontium
Barium

And neither are carbonates, phosphates,
Sulfides, sulfites
The exceptions are the same
Even though Sar never tried
To memorize the rules until the night before each test
We wanna write you a solubility song today

REMIX!! …again…

(to the melody of “Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go” by Wham!)

Gummy bear…gummy bear…
Gummy bear…gummy bear…
Sulfates are all soluble
Except those of lead, strontium, and barium
You must know the giveaways
They are the alkali metals and ammonium

But have no fear, ‘cause we are here
To save you from your nervous breakdown
Never be scared to ask for help
Your peers are here, so give one of them a shout!

Wake up now, its time to go-go
Don’t wanna leave you hanging like a yo-yo
We’ll wake you up, before you go-go
Don’t wanna miss a chance to get that A
We’ll wake you up, before we go-go
‘Cause you’re not plannin’ on goin’ solo
We’ll wake you up, before we go-go
Take your chance this year.

Wanna get that A…
Yeah Yeah Yeah

This is a documentation of Spirit Mountain Herbal Gardens in Arizona 3/21/2008

Caliche (mineral)
Caliche is a hardened deposit of calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate cements together other materials, including gravel, sand, clay, and silt. It is found in aridisol and mollisol soil orders. Caliche occurs worldwide, generally in arid or semi-arid regions, including in central and western Australia, in the Kalahari Desert, in the High Plains of the western USA, and in the Sonoran Desert. Caliche is also known as hardpan, calcrete, kankar (in India), or duricrust. The term caliche is Spanish and is originally from the Latin calx, meaning lime.

Caliche is generally light colored but can range from white to light pink to reddish-brown, depending on the impurities present. It is generally found on or near the surface, but it can be found in deeper subsoil deposits as well. The layers can vary from a few inches to feet thick, and multiple layers can exist in a single location.

In northern Chile and Peru, caliche refers to the nitrate salt deposits of the Atacama Desert. Caliche can also refer to various clayey deposits in Chile, Peru, Mexico, and Colombia. In addition, it has been used to describe some forms of quartzite, bauxite, kaolinite, laterite, chalcedony, opal, and soda niter.

Similar material, but composed of calcium sulfate rather than calcium carbonate, is called gypcrust or gypcrete ("Gyp-Crete" is also a trademarked brand name).

How it forms
Caliche generally forms when minerals are leached from the upper layer of the soil (the A horizon) and accumulate in the next layer (the B horizon), at depths of approximately 3 to 10 feet under the surface. Caliche generally consists of carbonates in semiarid regions, while in arid regions, less soluble minerals will form caliche layers after all the carbonates have been leached from the soil. The calcium carbonate that is deposited accumulates, first forming grains, then small clumps, then a discernible layer, and finally a thicker, solid bed. As the caliche layer forms, the layer gradually becomes deeper, eventually moving into the parent material, which lies under the upper soil horizons.

However, caliche can also form in other ways. It can form when water rises through capillary action. In an arid region, rainwater will sink into the ground very quickly. Later, as the surface dries out, the water below the surface will rise, carrying dissolved minerals from lower layers upward with it. This water movement forms a caliche that tends to grow thinner and branch out as it nears the surface. Plants can contribute to the formation of caliche as well. The plant roots take up water through transpiration, leaving behind the dissolved calcium carbonate, which precipitates to form caliche. Caliche can also form on outcrops of porous rocks or in rock fissures where water is trapped and evaporates. In general, caliche deposition is a slow process, but if enough moisture is present in an otherwise arid site, it can accumulate fast enough to block a drain pipe.

While the formation of other caliches is relatively well understood, the origin of Chilean caliche is not known definitively. One possibility is that the deposits were formed when a prehistoric inland sea evaporated. Another theory is that it was deposited due to weathering of the Andes

Caliche and Gardening

Problems caliche cause
Caliche beds can cause many problems when trying to grow plants. First, an impermeable caliche layer prevents water from draining properly, which can keep the roots from getting enough oxygen. Salts can also build up in the soil due to the lack of drainage. Both of these situations are detrimental to plant growth. Second, the impermeable nature of caliche beds also prevents plant roots from going through the bed, which means the roots have a limited supply of nutrients, water, and space, so they cannot develop normally. Third, caliche beds can also cause the surrounding soil to be basic (have a high pH). The basic soil, along with calcium carbonate from the caliche, can prevent plants from getting enough nutrients, especially iron. An iron deficiency will cause the plant's youngest leaves to become yellow. Soil saturation above the caliche bed can make the condition worse.

Fixing these problems
The best solution to these problems is to remove the layer of caliche and replace it with a mixture of organic material and soil. The hole should be large enough to contain the plant's mature root system and should go entirely through the caliche layer. However, when the caliche layer is thick, dig a hole large enough for the mature root system. Then, a smaller hole or holes can be dug through the remaining caliche to provide drainage. To test drainage, the hole should be filled with water. If the level drops by 1 inch per hour, the drainage is sufficient.

Read the review of this video at ManualGear.com

Song "What About Everything" by band Carbon Leaf, illustrated with clips from classic Warner Bros. cartoons.

y a curious coincidence, Santa came a day early, and the very day after Shane and I watched, Who Killed the Electric Car on DVD last night! Lexi now has her very own limo, and I no longer have to decide between driving around town to do errands (with...

Note:

Appearance - carbonates are powdery
Cheating test - use acid to test for effeversence

FatalMetal NFS Carbon Drift 6 - Dodge Charger RT

tricked out cbr 600rr alarm, rearvision video system custom il lumiglow SHOW AND GO!!

Carbon/Silicon Bush Hall 31st May 2007. A few pics here: http://getonthebeam.blogspot.com/2007/06/make-room-make-room.html

The 2005 Mustang GT is capable of performing a quarter-mile test in 13.5 seconds, with acceleration from 0-60 mph in 4.9 seconds.[10] Added to the rear suspension is a three-linked system which controls the vertical and lateral movements of the axle...

Its worth seeing

Need for speed carbon trailer...

The western flank of the Mediano Anticline, Ainsa Basin, southern Pyrenees foreland basin, Spain, as seen from the western shore of the Embalse de Grado. The ranch in the middle ground is Puy de Cinca. The lower slopes include the Puy de Cinca carbonate ramp and lower and upper delta plain facies of the proximal Sobrarbe delta complex, which developed in the Late Eocene. It onlaps and/or show a fault contact against Cretaceous to Paleocene carbonates of the Mediano Anticline